现 在 完 成 时
一. 用法:
(1)动作发生在过去,强调对现在的影响。
与一般过去时的区别:
强调过去—一般过去式
强调对现在的影响---现在完成时。试比较:
I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到)
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)
My mother went to Shanghai.
Where is your mother? ---She has gone to Shanghai.
I didn’t have breakfast.
I haven’t have breakfast yet.
(2)动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在有某种影响和结果。常被just、already、 yet 等副词修饰。如:
--Have you had lunch yet? --Yes, I have. I've just had it.
你(已经)吃午饭了吗? 我刚刚吃过。(现在我不饿了)
(3)现在完成时表示未完成。动作从过去延续到现在,还可能以后继续。通常和带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。 He has been in the army for ten years.
I have studied English since 1980.
(4)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,表示次数:一次once; 二次: twice, 三次:three times…, ever, never等时间状语。
如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
I have been to Shanghai twice.
She has watched this film three times.
I have never seen more beautiful girl than she.
二. 构成:
(1) 肯定句: have / has done
(2) 否定句:...have/has not done
(3) 一般疑问句: Have/ Has ... done ....?
Yes, ... have/has. No, ...have/has not.
(4) 常用的时间状语有:
already
“已经”
肯定句的中间和末尾处
never
“从不”
中间处
ever
“曾经”
疑问句和肯定句的中间处
just
“刚刚”
中间处
yet
“已经” 、“还”
疑问句、否定句的末尾处)
或不加任何的时间状语,但不能和表示过去的时间状语连用.
用since和for填空
1. ______ two years 2._______ two years ago 3. _______ last month
4.______ 1999 5._______ yesterday 6. _______ 4 o’clock
7. ______ 4 hours 8._______ an hour 9. _______ we were children
10. _____ lunch time 11.______ she left here 12, _______ she was very young
13. _______ she was a child 14, _____ more than twenty years
三. have been in, have been to 与 have gone to 的用法区别
(一).have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:since, for, how long 等。如:
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。
此外还有这些搭配: have been here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm
have been here (there) / abroad
(二).have(has)been to表示“曾经去过某地”,现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用,例如:
I have just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。
Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗?
have(has) been to 后面可接次数,表示去过某地几次。例如:
I have been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。
They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。
(三).have(has) gone to意为“到某地去了”,表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之,说话时该人不在现场,一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。
例如:----Where is Tom? ----He has gone to the bookshop. 汤姆在哪里?他到书店去
Jack Johnson has gone to London. 杰克.约翰逊到伦敦去了。
四.注意
现在完成时中,非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用,通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。(就是说:有for或since 的句子里, 一定不能是非延续性代词,必须是延续性动词)。例如:
borrow → keep, buy → have, begin/start → be on, die → be dead, join → be in/be a member of-,come/arrive → be here/in, come/get back → be back, go/leave → be away(from), marry → be married(to)
过 去 完 成 时
一.【含义】
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。 如:
He asked if you had written to Peter. 他问你是否给Peter写信了。
二.【结构】
① 基本形式:had + 过去分词。如:
We had reached the top of the hill before midnight.
在半夜之前我们已登上了山顶。
② 否定形式:had + not + 过去分词。如:
They hadn’t finished the work when we got there.
我们到那儿时,他们还没有完成工作。
③ 一般疑问句形式:had提到句首,回答用Yes, 主语 + had. / No, 主语 + hadn’t. 如:
—Had he told you to go there earlier yesterday? 他昨天告诉过你早点儿到那儿吗?
—Yes, he had. (No, he hadn’t.) 是的,他告诉了。(不,他没有。)
④. 被动语态形式:had + been + 过去分词。如:
When I got there, the windows had been broken. 当我到那儿时,窗户已经被打破了。
三.【用法】
① 用在主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中。如:
My father asked me if I had finished reading that book. 爸爸问我是否读完那本书了。
② 用在“after / before / when + 过去时态从句”或有“by+过去时间”的句子中。如:
Mother had already cooked supper before I returned home. 在我回到家前,妈妈已经把饭做好了。
③ 和由for或since 引导的、表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。如:
He had worked in that factory for five years before he moved here. 他搬到这儿前已经在那个厂子工作了五年。
<与其他时态间的联系与区别>
1. 与一般过去时:和一般过去时都可指动作发生在过去,但强调动作相对于过去某一时刻已经完成;而一般过去时则强调动作发生在过去某一时间或过去经常性、习惯性动作,需要特别注意的是:当动作附带yesterday、last year等过去时间状语时,应用一般过去时态。请区别:
By the end of last year, I had visited seven different cities.
截止到去年年底,我已经参观过七个不同的城市了。
We learned another English song last month. 上个月我们学了另一首英文歌曲。
2. 与现在完成时:现在完成时表示动作相对于现在已经完成,其标准对照时间点为现在;而表示动作相对于过去某一时刻前已完成,其标准对照时间点为过去。试比较: I have been there twice. 我去过那儿两次。 I had been there twice before I went to school. 在我上学前,我去过那儿两次。