Han Dynasty
汉朝
Rise and Fall of Eastern Han Dynasty
东汉的兴起于衰落
A distant relative of Liu royalty, Liu Xiu, led the revolt against Wang Mang with the support of the landholding families and merchants.
刘皇室的远亲刘秀在地主和商人的支持下带头反抗王莽。
He “reestablished” the Han Dynasty at Luoyang, which would rule for another 200 years, and became Emperor Guangwu of Han China.
他在洛阳“复兴”了汉室，使其又存在了200年，他就是汉朝的光武帝。
In 105, During Eastern Han Dynasty, an official and inventor named Cai Lun invented the technique for making fine paper.
公元105年，东汉年间，一位叫蔡伦的官员和发明家创造了一种制作高级纸张的技术。
The invention of paper is considered a revolution in communication and learning, dramatically lowering the cost of education.
纸的发明被认为是对于交流和学习的一场革命，它极大地降低了学习的成本。
Nevertheless the Eastern Han emperors failed to put forward any groundbreaking land reforms after the failure of its precedent dynasty.
然而，东汉时期的皇帝没能在前朝的失败后提出一些开创性的土地改革。
Rife bureaucratic corruption and bribery contributed into lingering adverse consequences of land privatizations throughout the dynasty.
当时盛行的官僚腐败与行贿受贿带来了一直影响着这个朝代土地私有化的负面后果。
Prestige of a newly founded dynasty during the reigns of first three emperors were barely able to hinder the corruption ；
在前三位帝王统治下的新立朝代的威望很难阻止腐败，
however Confucian scholar gentry turned on eunuchs for their corrupted authorities when consort clans and eunuchs struggled for power in subsequent reigns.
但是当那些儒家贵族看到外戚与太监们在后来继位的皇帝统治时互相争权夺利就把社会的腐败全部归因于太监。
None of these three parties was able to improve the harsh livelihood of peasants under the landholding families.
这三群人都无法改善受地主压迫的农民的艰难生活。
Land privatizations and accumulations on the hands of the elite affected the societies of the Three Kingdoms and the Southern and Northern Dynasties that the landholding elite held the actual driving and ruling power of the country.
精英控制下的土地私有化与不断积累影响着三国和南北朝时期的社会，因为地主精英掌握了国家的实际领导力和执政权。
Successful ruling entities worked with these families, and consequently their policies favored the elite.
成功的政权与这些家族合作，最终使贵族受到政策优待。
Adverse effects of the Nine grade controller system or the Nine rank system were brilliant examples.
九品中正制的负面效果就是极佳的例子。
Taiping Taoist ideals of equal rights and equal land distribution quickly spread throughout the peasantry.
太平道教对于权利平等和土地费配均衡的想法很快在农民中传开了。
As a result, the peasant insurgents of the Yellow Turban Rebellion swarmed the North China Plain, the main agricultural sector of the country.
因此，黄巾军中的农民反叛军蜂拥至国家重要的农业区——中国北部平原。
Power of the Liu royalty then fell into the hands of local governors and warlords, despite suppression of the main upraising of Zhang Jiao and his brothers.
尽管有张角兄弟为主力的镇压，刘皇室的权力后来还是落入了地方首领和军阀的手中。
Three overlords eventually succeeded in control of the whole of China proper, ushering in the period of the Three Kingdoms.
三位君主最总成功控制了中原地区，引领时代进入三国时期。
The figurehead Emperor Xian reigned until A.D. 220 when Cao Pi forced his abdication.
傀儡皇帝汉献帝在曹丕的逼迫下于公元220年退位。
In 311, around one hundred years after the fall of the Eastern Han, its capital Luoyang was sacked by barbarians.
311年，大约是东汉王朝覆灭后的100年，一群蛮族人洗劫了当年的都城洛阳。
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