用英语说中国文化名著:The Works of Meucius《孟子》(中英)

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The Works of Meucius

《孟子》

The work of Mencius is a collection of anecdotes about the teachings of Master Meng Ke,or Mencius,a fourth-generation disciple of Confucius. The whole book,vivid in language and consistent in style,was polished and finalized by Mencius himself. It embodies the philosophical and political thinking of Mencius .who also stressed ren and yi〔humanity and righteousness),with emphasis on the latter. While Confucius advocated‘sacrificing oneself for ren”,Men-cius encouraged“sacrificing oneself for yi”Mencius developed and enriched the “ren and yi theory" of Confucius,saying that both ren and yi are inherent.“All men have natural sympathies.”Proceeding from that premise .Mencius supposed  that every man is good by nature,believing that every man can become a saint if he cultivates and develops his”good nature",As for the“bad ideas”,they are the direct result of his environment. Mencius called for a benevolent government,or a benevolence-oriented policy. The purpose is to enable people to live and work in happiness,and to make the monarch enjoy prosperity with his subjects,which ensures social tranquility and long-term peace.  His famous political program,“People are primary,the country secondary and the monarch tertiary.”is powerful both in words and in momentum,constituting a prominent characteristic of his writings in the book.
 

《孟子》也是儒家的重要典籍,宋代以后与《沦语》、《大学》、《中庸》同列为《四书》,是当时初学人门和科举考试的必读书孟子,名柯,战国中期邹人_约生护公元前372年,死于公元前289年,一说约前390一前305年,曾受业于孔子之孙子思的门人、他以天下为己任,前半生周游各国,游说诸侯,宣传其主张,但被看作迂阔而不见用。晚年回故乡从事教育和著述,与弟子一起著《孟子》七篇。他继承、发展了孔子的思想,是儒家思想的重要代表《孟子》思想的核心是性善论,在此基础仁提出了其仁政学说和修养学说。战国时期,人性问题成为百家争鸣中的重要问题。孟子在与各种人性学说的争沦中提出了性善沦,认为人都有天赋的侧隐之心、羞恶之心、辞让之心、是非之心,这是人与禽兽的区别之所在,也是仁、义、礼、智等善的萌芽,而恶则是后天受到外界影响而产生的孟子强调,大赋的善性是人所共有的,在这点上尧、舜与人同,人皆可以为尧、舜;只要自觉努力,任何人都;叮以成为道德完善的圣人;他大力提倡自觉修养,反对白暴自弃:孟子还认为,尽心、知性就;弓一以知天,事大的途径就是修养心性,据此,就把“天”落实到人的心性上来。这样,对于天,不必去祈祷、占卜,不必外求。孟子的这此思想鼓励了人们进行道德修养的主体自觉性,同时也阻断了中国文化向宗教方一面发展的道路,对于以后中国文化的发展有深远的影响在其仁政学说中,孟子提出了民贵君轻的命题,发挥了民本思想。民贵君轻思想的核心是强调得民心者得天下,失民心者失天下。这是历史经验的总结,也是西周以来民本思想的继承和发展为了得民心,孟子提出了一系列具体政策和措施,并目认为,保证百姓的温饱是进行道德教化的重要基础。在修养方面,孟子强调人的道德价值和道德自觉精神,明确提出了“所欲有甚于生者”,“所恶有甚于死者”,因此在生与义两者不可得兼的时候要“舍生取义”,提出了要养浩然之气,培养“富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈”的大丈夫精神,提出了“生于忧患,死于安乐”,要自觉接受艰难困苦的磨练等极有价值的思想,这此思想对于我们民族精神的形成有深远的影响。
 

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